Medical brain notes 35

  Equilibrium Chemistry R egardless of the problem on which an analytical chemist is working, its solution ultimately requires a knowledge of chemistry and   the   ability   to   reason   with   that   knowledge.   For   example,   an   analytical chemist   developing   a   method   for   studying   the   effect   of   pollution   on spruce   trees   needs   to   know,   or   know   where   to   find,   the   structural and   chemical   differences   between   p -hydroxybenzoic   acid   and  p -hydroxyacetophenone,   two   common   phenols   found   in   the   needles   of spruce   trees   (Figure   6.1).   Chemical   reasoning   is   a   product   of   experience and   is   constructed ...

  Reversible Reactions and Chemical Equilibria In   1798,   the   chemist   Claude   Berthollet   (1748–1822)   accompanied   a   French   military expedition   to   Egypt.   While   visiting   the   Natron   Lakes,   a   series   of   salt   water   lakes carved   from   limestone,   Berthollet   made   an   observation   that   contributed   to   an   im- portant discovery. Upon analyzing water from the Natron Lakes, Berthollet   found large   quantities   of   common   salt,   NaCl,   and   soda   ash,   Na 2 CO 3 ,   a   result   he   found   sur- prising.   Why   would   Berthollet   find   this   result   surprising   and   how   did   it   contribute Berthollet   “knew” ...

  Thermodynamics and Equilibrium Chemistry Thermodynamics   is   the   study   of   thermal,   electrical,   chemical,   and   mechanical  forms   of   energy.   The   study   of   thermodynamics   crosses   many   disciplines,   including physics,   engineering,   and   chemistry.   Of   the   various   branches   of   thermodynamics the   most   important   to   chemistry   is   the   study   of   the   changes   in   energy   occurring during a chemical   reaction. Consider,   for   example,   the   general   equilibrium   reaction   shown   in   equation   6.1, involving   the   solutes   A,   B,   C,   and   D,   with   stoichiometric   coefficients   a,   b...